Cross Cultural Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Diverse Communication - Essay Example The significant highlights of high setting and low setting societies can be comprehended through basic components, for example, affiliation, association, territoriality, transience, learning, through examples and social viewpoints (Hofstede, 2001; Hall, 1976). 1. Information is commonly implanted in the current circumstance. Things are combined and associated just as worldwide. For data, numerous sources are utilized. Believing is from general to exact or explicit. 1. The truth is compartmentalized and divided. One specific data source is utilized for creating information. Believing is commonly inductive and continues to general thoughts from explicit issues. More spotlight is given on subtleties (Chaney, 2005). Japan is a model case of a high setting society. Japan and China are considered as model instances of this culture. In Japan and China a significant piece of the correspondence is verifiable and disguised. For example, they express exceptionally less words in a discussion and pass on increasingly through outward appearances (Richardson and Smith, 2007). Low setting messages are hard to comprehend without having upheld with appropriate foundation data. As indicated by corridor, in Japan and China correspondence style, a great part of the importance relies upon physical setting, for example, voice tone, outward appearances and motions. Subsequently, the verbal message is itself less. For example, a Japanese official visiting a low setting society, for example, US will confront issues with their very immediate methodology (Hendon, Hendon and Herbig, 1999). People favor associating and passing on their message through roundabout correspondence and non-verbal communication. The significan t purpose for this can be credited to their goal of saving and reinforcing connections by guaranteeing concordance and concealing any hint of failure. The way of life of Japan and China is affected by a very much organized chain of command in the public arena, solid standards of conduct just as closeness in human

Les Demoiselles D’Avignon Free Essays

Les Demoiselles d’Avignon †Pablo Picasso The accompanying paper will be expounded on the innovator painting; ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’, made by the Spanish exile craftsman Pablo Ruiz Picasso in 1907. Right off the bat, I will portray the work as I saw it in the MOMA in New York in 2010 and I will likewise depict my underlying response to seeing it. Furthermore, I will compose what I have gotten some answers concerning this piece in the wake of leading exploration in the school library and on the web, talking about its style and the period which it was made in. We will compose a custom paper test on Les Demoiselles D’Avignon or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now This will be done so as to put the work in setting with other work and occasions in that period. Thirdly, I will quickly talk about the nature and accessibility of my sources, investigating any conflicting explanations in specific sources and analyzing their disparities in feelings. At long last, after my exhaustive research on this work of art, I will give my response now in the wake of having done the exploration and I will finish up upon any distinctions in assessments or responses I have now contrasted with before my examination. ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’ delineates five pink ladies that are snared in silver and blue pieces of clothing. Two of these ladies remain with arms raised to show their bosoms, gazing at you out of colossal bruised eyes. The other three are veiled: the two at the privilege are wearing African covers; one of them is rising up out of behind the spiked material while different squats low in the texture. Picasso accepted that these had worked as supernatural defenders against perilous spirits: this work, he said later, was his â€Å"first expulsion painting. † The other conceal lady wears a beefy earthy colored wooden reshaping of a face as she remains in profile at the left of the image. On a plate, there is an assortment of wonderful representative organic product: an extremely sharp edge of melon with testicular grapes, an apple and a pear. Upon assessment it is very evident this is a painting of nudes where there is barely a bend to be seen †‘’elbows sharp as blades, hips and midriffs geometrical outlines, triangle breasts’’. Their figures are made out of level, fragmented planes rather than adjusted volumes and their eyes are disproportionate and deviated. The Demoiselles d’Avignon are really five whores, and these are five womenâ€obviously nakedâ€and they’re taking a gander at the watcher as much as the watcher is taking a gander at them. The early investigations in Picasso’s sketchbooks identifying with this piece show a clinical understudy strolling into this curtained room where the women stand. The lady on the extreme left presently bears the hints of having being that man going into the room. Picasso, needing positively no recounted subtleties to meddle with the sheer effect of the work, chose to dispose of the clinical understudy in the last artistic creation. In this manner one can even feel a specific feeling of manliness in the kind of sculptural cutting of her body and how enormous foot is venturing toward different ladies. The main outstanding reference to the whorehouse lies in the title: Avignon was a road in Barcelona popular for its house of ill-repute. After seeing this piece in MOMA New York, I was struck by one thing specifically: the way that the African covers in the artwork mask you as something totally extraordinary †a beast, a creature, a divine being. Innovation is a workmanship that wears a veil. It doesn't state what it implies; it's anything but a window however a divider. Picasso picked his topic absolutely in light of the fact that it was a prosaism; he needed to show that creativity in workmanship doesn't lie in account, or ethical quality however in formal innovation. This is the reason it’s confused to see ‘Demoiselles’ as a work of art ‘’about’’ massage parlors or whores. Ordinary inclinations had been to dismiss the demonstration of creation. That’s what Picasso impacts away. Innovation in human expressions implied precisely this triumph of structure over substance. Something different that I saw about this piece was its closeness to other authentic sources. One of a few recorded sources that Picasso ravaged is bygone craftsmanship, showed plainly by figure at the left of the composition, who stands unbendingly on legs that look ponderously bolted at the knee. Her correct arm sticks down while her left arm appears to be disengaged. Her head is appeared in ideal profile with huge almond formed eyes and a disconnected face. She nearly looks Egyptian. Coincidentally, as indicated by khanaccademy(smarthistory. organization), it is said that Picasso had bought two old Iberian heads from Guillaume Apollinaire’s secretary Gery Pieret, which she had taken from the Louver! Some have recommended that they were taken at Picasso’s demand. A long time later Picasso would secretly bring them back. Through my examination in the school library, I have found an immense measure of fascinating realities about ‘Les Demoiselles’. The work of art is accepted to be original in the early advancement of both cubism and present day craftsmanship. Before the composition was finished in 1907 Picasso had made several representations and studies in anticipation of the last work, extending from portrayals of various faces and veils to different shading contemplates. The fundamental purpose behind the force with which the origination and the creation of the image has been contemplated is the fulfillment of its documentation. Picasso had created one of the biggest if not the biggest examination for one piece ever. The sheer amount of material identified with it previously turned out to be clear in 1988 with a display in Barcelona dependent on ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’. The two volume inventory of this display repeated each known sketch or study at that point viewed as identified with the work. ‘’Included were drawings from sixteen sketchbooks put in arrangement as they show up in the books alongside thoughts for different pictures and irrelevant examinations; there were likewise many different investigations and related takes a shot at canvas and wood just as paper. Other than this mass of material, there was proof as radiographs and infrared photos of an oil concentrate on canvas underneath an in any case approximately related artistic creation of (‘Woman with a Large Ear’ 1907). A lot of this material could be found in the presentation. ’’(Green 2001:4) Another fascinating part of ‘Demoiselles’ that I found was the presence of two men in Picasso’s early investigations of the piece. These two men assume evenly contradicted jobs: a ‘active’ clinical understudy and a ‘passive’ mariner. Encircled by whores, the sailor customer sits at a table in the focal point of the houses of ill-repute parlor. The understudy shows up on the edge of the image, ‘’an outcast to its sexual drama’’ (Rubin 1994:44). The mariner is arranged frontally and cut off at the midsection by the table at which he sits; the understudy is appeared from the side in full figure, standing. In the main sketch for the full structure, the mariner turns his head toward the clinical understudy; later he will look down at a cigarette he rolls. Despite the fact that the presentation of the prostitutes is towards the mariner, I feel that Picasso was attempting to center his and their looks toward what was a clearly surprising interference by the understudy. Picasso is clearly famous similar to the fellow benefactor of cubism alongside Georges Braque. The proto-cubist ‘Demoiselles’ is viewed as one of the main cubist pieces made. In the event that Picasso had executed the completed canvas of ‘Les Demoiselles’ any sooner than when he, the completed piece presumably would have taken after something like the streaming pieces in his sketchbooks. In any case, there wouldn’t have been anything there to stun or amaze his crowd. That was an issue. To challenge his numerous rivals, Picasso needed to think of something outrageous. He chose to radicalize the ‘Demoiselles’ by geometricising both the general arrangement and the individual figures inside it. The principal bit of proof we have of Picasso attempting to revamp the piece in a progressively geometric style shows up in a sketchbook from May 1907, where we see these extreme drawings blended in with portrayals of an increasingly regular nature from his initial examinations. In the wrapped up, the geometric system of the piece is ingested and covered up by the solid differentiations between the substance tones of the figures and the blue-whites of the blinds out of sight. The straightened curvilinear types of the two focal figures appear to rise fiercely from a multifold, three-dimensional space. Through its cozy connections to Greek, Iberian and African craftsmanship, it is broadly accepted that ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’ had risen triumphant in a fight between the vanguard craftsmen of the explanatory cubist time. I had a serious assortment of sources to look over while composing this paper. These differ between different articles, papers, books and sites. Since I was composing on Picasso, there was a plenitude of books accessible at the school library, where I had the option to find a huge measure of intriguing realities and insights concerning ‘Les Demoiselles’ that I could never have thought about. I unearthed a fascinating article with respect to ‘Les Demoiselles’ likewise on the web and this gave exceptionally valuable data. I found a point by point article in ‘The Guardian’ and this was additionally very use. Different sites were additionally utilized in my examination to fortify the paper. During my exploration I found that numerous suppositions on this piece appear to be commonly the equivalent. Individuals feel the equivalent with respect to Picasso’s cubist style and his utilization of subjects in ‘Les Demoiselles d’Avignon’. I couldn’t locate any conflicting proof or proclamations rega

Identify FOUR Values that are associated Essay Example for Free

Recognize FOUR Values that are related Essay Recognize FOUR Values that are related with training in the Caribbean. Clarify how these qualities have formed your decisions and behaviours. According to Emille Durkheim, Education is the securing of information and the learning of aptitudes. It frequently assists with molding convictions and virtues. Training is one of the very instruments through which social change and change can be accomplished. Training, and specifically the educating of history gives a connection between the understudy and society and furthermore a feeling of having a place. The educating of history assists with forming a people convictions and estimations of what was instructed and gone on through ages. For instance, showing an understudy servitude and finding out about how their progenitors revolted to guarantee their opportunity can show a person to have a feeling of pride in their history. Durkheim accepted that school fills in as a capacity which can't be given by the family or companion gathering. Being an individual from a family depends on connection and being a piece of a gathering of companions relies upon decision yet being a citizen lies in neither of these classifications. School encourages people to figure out how to connect and help out individuals who are neither companion nor family; consequently, school gives the ideal climate to gain association abilities. The school permits the understudies to communicate under a fixed arrangement of rules and these encounters permit the understudy to develop and set themselves up for association with the more extensive society. Durkheim additionally included that school rules must be upheld and disciplines should me set up where important. This thus causes the understudy to discover that their demonstration wasn't right and would have the option to practice self-control not exclusively to maintain a strategic distance from discipline but since their activity has harmed that social framework. It is by regarding the school decides that the kid figures out how to regard runs all in all, that he/she builds up the propensity for discretion and restriction just on the grounds that he/she should control and limit himself/herself. Thusly the standards in schools help people to settle on the correct decisions and shape them as an individual. Training likewise shows people certain abilities that would be important for their future occupation which is as a rule in a mechanical society with its expanding division of work for instance, a creating country like Trinidad and Tobago which makes most income on oil would require more individuals to work in that segment, for example, architects and apparatus laborers. People who wish to seek after this would need to contemplate certain subjects, for example, material science or science. In pre-modern culture it was normal for guardians could have given word related abilities to kids without a requirement for formal instruction. Schools consequently, transmit both general qualities which give the essential homogeneity to social endurance, and certain abilities which make accessible the vital decent variety for social collaboration. Mechanical society would accordingly meet up underestimate accord which is a general understanding by citizenry concerning what is acceptable and advanta geous. As per Talcott Parsons, schools mingle youngsters into the essential estimations of society. He kept up that esteem accord is fundamental for society to work viably. Schools in the Caribbean impart significant qualities, for example, the estimation of accomplishment and the estimation of equity of chance. Instructors urge the understudies to take a stab at greatness in scholastics and prize the individuals who prevail for instance by the introduction of authentications or trophies. Along these lines schools advance the estimation of accomplishment itself and by putting understudies in a similar domain urges them to contend with each other on equivalent footing for assessments consequently the school advances the estimation of equivalent chance. There is no specific race, class or sexual orientation that can be allowed the chance to succeed anybody can make progress through difficult work. Parsons saw the instruction framework as a significant factor for the choice of people for their future occupations and jobs in the public arena. The training framework, capacities to designate these HR inside the job structure of grown-up society. With end of term test in auxiliary schools which assesses an understudies progress, schools would then be able to coordinate a people capacities and capacities with regards to specific occupations. The school in this way is viewed as a significant methods for job distribution. In the Caribbean there are numerous strict partnered schools which likewise help to shape a people virtues by including religion periods in any event on more than one occasion per week. By the educating of strict convictions and qualities to understudies, it assists with molding them as a person by choosing what is correct and what's up and adhering to their feelings. For instance in the Roman Catholic schools, understudies might be instructed about the Ten Commandments and discover that it isn't right to conflict with it. Some may adjust to these convictions and some may not yet by finding out about it they know not to wander to a long way from the standard. Taking everything into account, the individuals who fit in with the Caribbean societys estimations of training will be positioned exceptionally and will probably get positive authorizations. They will be compensated with high eminence since they embody and exemplify what the general public expects of them. High position will fluctuate from society to society, in the Caribbean, culture esteems singular accomplishment and puts essential accentuation on beneficial action inside the economy. In this way the individuals who have accomplished with their own drive will be effective.

The One Thing to Do for Task 2 Ielts Essay Samples

The One Thing to Do for Task 2 Ielts Essay Samples Therefore, many students and employees decide to acquire cheap essay rather than writing it themselves. Universities should continue to choose the best candidates for each course in accordance with their qualifications. In all portions of the IELTS exam, you need to try to demonstrate that you've got a wide understanding of English vocabulary, make sure that you write with correct spelling and prevent silly little grammar mistakes. This is just what you should do to ensure it is clear to the examiner what you consider the question and also lets them stick to the endeavor of your essay. The examiner is just interested in the degree of your English. An important distinction as you will notice below. Please be aware this report is significantly shorter than normal because there weren't any essay for improvement. You'll be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and after you opt to purchase essay and pick an allocated writer, things are likely to get even more exciting. General Task 1 questions are composed of 3 unique pieces. Talk about both views and provide your own opinion. Explore both these views and provide your own opinion. Explore both views and provide your opinion. I hope you are going to have an opportunity to stop by Australia again soon. This page contains all of the information and help you should do well. Advertisements serve a helpful function. My online IELTS Writing Practice Test will explain how to improve by a complete band score in only two days. Finding Task 2 Ielts Essay Samples Online Thank band for your feedback, we'll investigate and resolve the problem w ithin two days. Therefore, if you'd like to score band 7, you have to do the exact same. If you don't feel as if you have enough time to write essays by yourself, we will aid you, any instance of the day, seven days per week. You've outlined what it is you are likely to speak about and at the exact same time made your opinion very obvious. Especially the students who start the preparation at the 11th hour, they're people who usually fail so in the event that you don't wish to be one of them, then here are a few advice that you have to follow. Therefore, it takes into consideration the particular needs of the students. The learners will face the actual life situations and do mistakes and that's the best method of learning. As our group of writers is quite big, we always have free writers eager to bring a manageable and well-paid purchase. The Key to Successful Task 2 Ielts Essay Samples It is normal to read reports these days in the press about possible links to several health problems such as cancer. The world medical care system has been facing a great pressure because of frequent outbreaks of diseases. It not only refers to the absence of disease but also the ability to recover and bounce back from problems and other illnesses. Some people today say that the very best approach to improve public health is by in creasing the variety of sports facilities. Prices change all of the time, but everybody can consider the ads in the newspaper and see what the hottest prices are. By watching advertisements on TV it's simple to discover about new improvements to all types of goods. Smoking is banned in some specific places so mobile phone ought to be banned like smoking. And, the time that it took to gather all this to find prepared for a trip. Needless to say, adults dwelling in the identical house might have very different eating habits also. Busy parents don't have enough time to check at each item on the shop shelf, so without advertising they may not know about such a convenient new item. Whispered Task 2 Ielts Essay Samples Secrets This is because of the gain in the on-line communication channels. Communication is the action of transferring information from 1 source to another. Each communication involves no less than a sender, a receipt, and a message.

Louis Vauxcelles s The Exhibition Of Braque - 1594 Words

Louis Vauxcelles’s mocked the exhibition of Braque’s paintings calling them â€Å"little cube paintings† effectively naming the movement largely led by Picasso and Braque Cubism. This name does indeed describe a majority of Picasso and Braques’ paintings well, at least in the visual sense. However, it must be noticed that the pieces completed by Picasso and Braque were not simple or little in meaning. Cubism was an entirely new way of doing art. The method of realism that had largely dominated the art since the Renaissance was ignored by Cubist artists. This break from tradition was supposed to help the artists represent their feelings and ideas in a new way, which gave them a better understanding of the world around them. It is also argued†¦show more content†¦Braque provides an example of this technique in Bottle and Fishes completed between 1910-1912. In this piece, the image has been shattered and then pieced back together but in a way that w hich the objects represented are hardly recognizable. To add to the difficulty of recognizing objects, Braque made the piece largely monochromatic, with greys and blacks in a majority of the piece. It is important to note that although both Braque and Picasso experimented with the fragmentation of objects in their pieces, they cannot be considered abstract. For example, although difficult to first understand Bottle and Fishes can be interpreted. The shape of the bottleneck orients the viewer as to where the base of the bottle ends. After this is understood, the shapes of the fish become apparent. Therefore, it is through the juxtaposition of objects that are more clearly represented to those that are not that these pieces are understood through. In other terms the bottleneck can be known as the signifier as to what the piece is trying to signify. The next stage of Cubism is known Synthetic Cubism. It is in this stage of their work that Braque and Picasso more thoroughly explore the same ideas being discussed by Saussure. Glass and Bottle of Suze was made by Picasso in November of 1912 at the beginning of the synthetic stage of Cubism. The piece is a collage made from pasted paper, gouache,

Essay on Crime Rates in Prison - 2306 Words

Introduction Research has been done comparing the violent rates between males and female prisons. It is important to study this theme because it does not only lead to the conclusion of where violence prevalent in male or female prisons, but it focuses on other issues as well. This paper deals with the social, psychological and sexual issues of the prisoners. Furthermore, most people believe that males biologically are more prone to violence, therefore violence is prevalent in male prisons and should have higher rates of violence than female prisons; however, there is more to this idea. This theme will examine the differences in violence between male and female prisoners and what causes them to have high rates of violence. The main†¦show more content†¦Instead they engage in relational violence (spreading rumors and talk about each other) to hurt each other. The prisoners that participated in this research admitted that they use rumors to isolate each other base on the crime they have committed and/or simply because they don’t like other inmates. This research not only deals with female prisoners, but also deals with the type of violence female prisoners engage in. Sexual coercion Another variable regarding this topic is a comparison of sexual coercion experiences reported by both male and female prisoners. This variable is very important because it examines both genders based on sexual coercion. Johnson and Johnson (2006) point out that male are more expose to violent sexual coercion compared to female inmates. Due to the fact that males are more likely to have higher levels of force used against them by the guarders. As a result the inmate will act aggressively in order to avoid being a victim of sexual violence. Furthermore, this fact is very important because it contributes to the stereotype that men are more violent than women, therefore should have higher rates of violence in prison. Since male prisoners undergo more physical injury and have more excessive force tactics use on them they become more aggressive. As a consequence they stop being the victims and start becoming the perpetrators (Johnson Johnson, 2006). This is a key factor th at contributes to why violent ratesShow MoreRelatedThe Reasons For Why Recidivism Occurs1441 Words   |  6 PagesIn most places around the world there are prisons set up where people go after committing a crime. Now the point of prisons is to reform a person so when they come out of prison they will be a productive member of society and not the criminal they once were. This does not occur most of the time. In fact, the exact opposite has occurred so much that there is a term for it now. That term is recidivism, which is when a person goes back to a life of crime after some sort of reform. There are many reasonsRead MoreThe American Prison System Is A Vital Portion Of American Culture1151 Words   |  5 Pagesdefines prison as a building where people are kept as punishment for a crime or while they are waiting to go to court. In the United States, there is a large prison system consisting of federal and state prisons. The American prison system is a vital portion of American culture. Crime runs rampant throughout our country and it is up to our prisons to punish people for these crimes, maybe even assist in loweingr the amount of crimes that occur. There are several different types of prisons, separatedRead MoreHarsher Penalties On The Crime Rate904 Words   |  4 Pageswith the lowest and highest unemployment rates; and the lowest and highest crime rates. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics the states with the lowest unemployment rates generally have the lowest crime rates (Bureau of Labor Statistics). One can argue harsher penalties would most likely det er criminals from committing crimes, but preventive measures are most efficient for decreasing the crime rate. The most efficient way to reduce the rising crime rate in the United States is to install moreRead MoreEssay on Criminal Rehabilitation in the United States Justice System1640 Words   |  7 PagesNationally, every 7 minutes, another person enters prison. And every 14 minutes, someone returns to the streets, beaten down and, more often than not, having suffered a great amount of violence during his or her incarceration. Professionals will tell you that incarceration really does very little to stop crime, but we go on spending billions of dollars in order to lock up more and more people. We have become the country with the highest incarceration rate in the industrialized world. (National CriminalRead MorePrison Is Defined As A Building Whereby People Are ‘Legally1674 Words   |  7 PagesPrison is defined as a building whereby people are ‘legally held as a puni shment for a crime they have committed, or whilst they are awaiting trial.’ According to the prison reform trust, the prison system has been overcrowded since 1994 and the prison population has increased, where between June 1993 and June 2012 prison population in England and Wales increased by 41,800 prisoners to over 86,000. With such increased numbers, it is questionable as to whether prison is effective, if it works andRead MoreIt Is Often Stated That Prison Does Not Work Because of the High Recidivism Rates. Why Do You Think the Prison Population Has Increased so Much in the Last Ten Years?1740 Words   |  7 Pagesdespite having been punished for a crime go on to repeat it, only to be returned to a custodial sentence. It is for this particular reason that the penal system need to decide whether the system is effective in doing its job, or reforms are needed to improve the way it conducts itself. What causes Recidivism? Recidivism is caused by criminals who have been through the courts and prison system and still refuse to turn away from crime; the causes of repeat crime may involve many social factors,Read MoreDo The time, Lower The Crime by James Q. Wilson and Mandatory Minimum Drug Sentences Waste Resource by Kevin Zeese1205 Words   |  5 PagesPrison reform has been talked about since the late 1800’s and early 1900’s with the goal of giving prisoners better living conditions. Today’s issues involving prison reform have caused many debates on whether or not prisons should change their traditional ways and try to find a more suitable solution with prison related problems like overcrowded facility and huge sums of money being spent on these prisons. Two article that are going to be analyzed in this essay are entitled â€Å"Do the time, lower theRead MoreHigh Rate Of Violence Throughout The World1400 Words   |  6 PagesThis report will discuss the high rate of violence in prison systems throughout the world. The report will identify three legal standards and/or operational procedures that are emerging around the globe that govern correctional professional practices within corrections systems and could be applied to the South American prison system. The United States will be a point of reference to compare and differentiate with other countries on legal standards and operational producers. The report will also evaluateRead MoreCriminology Rational Choice Theory1683 Words   |  7 PagesName Instructor Course Date Essay Questions Question 1 At the core of criminology, there is a belief that a criminal decides to commit a crime after weighing the benefits and disadvantages of engaging. In such a case, the decision to commit the crime is a rational one, and the best way to counter it is through a deterrence-based system. The rational choice theory assumes that humans are self-centered and the actions they undertake determine the consequences they incur. The position of rationalityRead MoreThe Issue Of Reoffending Rates1507 Words   |  7 PagesWithin this essay I will discuss the issue of reoffending rates in England and Wales, and identify relevant statistics associated with this ever-increasing social problem. The annual cost of reoffending to the UK is between  £9.5 and  £13 billion, more than the cost of holding the London Olympics each year. David Downes (2001) argues that there is an ideological function of reoffending – to make capitalism look successful. This is because it soaks up a large percentage o f the unemployed, therefore

Compare And Contrast Parents free essay sample

Behavior with one another can change opinions of a person very rapidly. On one side, theres my mom, the lecturer, whos always the direct kind of person. She normally doesnt beat around the bushes, and comes straight to the point; even though its something thats awkward or you usually dont say in public. Another thing Ive noticed is that when my moms mad, the whole house seems bothered and annoyed. When hes happy, the atmosphere around her is tranquil. Everyone seems to get along with everybody. Its just like our worlds rotate around her; our attitude depends on her state of being. Then, theres my dad. If he ever behaves extremely nice, it indicates that a guilt trip is heading my way. Hell take me through a whole hour of feeling sorry and wrong. Also, whether hes busy or not, he doesnt pay attention to anybody. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare And Contrast Parents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Anybody but his mom, that is. When you ask a question like, What do you want for lunch? hell say, Im fine. Both of my parents behavior, though is alike in a way.I always find them comparing me to other children when get a bad score on my tests. Actions are also a major difference I see between both my parents. My mom doesnt give me choices, because she usually makes my decisions for me. Dont think I didnt try protesting. Due to the strict rules my mom established in our house, dont have a chance to. Besides, even if I do, things wont turn out nice. On the other hand, my dad, my soul mate, gives me lots of opportunities.If he ever becomes furious, hes screaming and tearing the house down in another language, but the next minute, Hess sitting with me and apologizing for whatever hurt he caused. Thats the kind of person my dad is. His expectation from me is to be a good person, but at the same time, he also wants me to be the best. The last notable difference in both of my parents parenting styles are the consequences they give. If Im stuck in a situation with my mom, well, lets just say you wouldnt want to see her unpleasant side.Shell snatch away y privileges, so that all I have is a boring reading book, and a ton of chores. Whereas, if Im stranded in circumstances with my dad, hell threaten me, but he wont do it. For example, the other night, when I was in trouble with my dad, he tried to frighten me by saying he would throw away my entire One Direction collection. Luckily, he didnt. Despite all these differences, both parenting styles at their root are only for the best. Knowing each parenting style has its own differences and similarities, Id rather prefer my dads because of his soft and fair nature.

The Role Of Self Focus As A Function Of Siginficance In Sexual Dysfunc

The Role Of Self Focus As A Function Of Siginficance In Sexual Dysfunction Introduction It is a popular belief that being physically attractive is of greater importance for women than for men in today's society, particularly in attracting the opposite sex. Several studies have found support for this difference in the context of dating and mate selection. In an early study, Strauss (1946) asked what traits would be most critical in a marriage partner and found that males rated physical attractiveness significantly higher than females did. Coombs and Kenkel (1966) asked a similar question about potential dating partners and found a similar gender difference. Harrison and Saeed (1977) examined a series of advertisements and found that females were more likely than males to emphasize their physical attractiveness. In a study conducted by Nevid (1984), subjects were asked to rate various physical, social, and personality characteristics in terms of their importance in determining choice of romantic partners. The results of this study indicated that males placed greater impor tance on characteristics such as weight, body shape, and overall build, while females emphasized characteristics such as warmth, honesty, and fidelity. On the basis of this frame of reasoning, it can be appropriate to infer that women are socialized to believe that to be an adequate sex partner, they must conform to societal norms regarding physical attractiveness. As a result, women are continually faced with meeting the demands prescribed on them through society. They are expected to present themselves as attractive, appealing, sexy individuals. Accordingly, the low sexual esteem that may ensue from the pressures of conforming to the dictates of society among women is an often overlooked phenomenon It is abundantly clear that physical attractiveness among women serves a puissant element in sexual relationships. This emphasis on physical attributes continues as relationships become more solidified, and couples are married. (Margolin and White, 1987). Contrary to the belief that the component of physical attractiveness declines in value through years of marriage, it has been demonstrated that this is clearly not the case. As marriages and spouses age, women may live with the increasing likelihood of comparisons and competition from women who are much younger than themselves (Margolin and White, 1987). Consequently, the relationship of physical attractiveness to marital sexuality and its immediate impact on cognitive processes serves as a vital component in amalgamating a synthesis for sexual dysfunction in women. Rationale Many factors have been identified in the development of sexual dysfunction, ranging from communication problems, sexual misinformation, deleterious relationships, and faulty learning processes. The focus of this paper, however, is directed to an expansion of the original concept of spectatoring, proposed by Masters and Johnson (1970). Upon acquiring a basic level of comprehension on sexuality and its impact on relationships, I found myself speculating about plausible contributing factors to sexual problems between couples. In becoming more familiar with Masters and Johnsons' (1970) work, I am motivated to unveil the affect of cognitive distractions (specifically, the impact of self-focus) on the level of satisfaction in sexual relationships. The Concept of Spectatoring Masters and Johnson (1970) originated the concept of spectatoring. Spectatoring, or excessive self-focus, refers to an inspection and monitoring of one's own sexual activity. According to Masters and Johnson (1970), ?when cognitive interference occurs, it leads to arousal of the autonomic nervous system, thereby producing a negative emotional state that is not usually synonymous with sexual arousal and pleasure.? Based on these fundamentals, it is postulated that anxiety about sexual performance, which may stem from an inward, self-focus on one's abilities and appearance, is the most important immediate cause of sexual dysfunction. Carver (1979) conceptualized self-focus in the following way: When attention is self-directed, it sometimes takes the form of focus on internal perceptual events, that is, information from those sensory receptors that to react to changes in bodily activity. Self-focus may also take the form of an enhanced awareness of one's present or past physical behavior, that is, a heightened cognizance of what one is doing or what one is like. Alternatively, self-attention can be an awareness of the more or less permanently encoded bits of information that compromise, for example, one's attitudes. It can even be an enhanced awareness of temporarily encoded bits of information that have been gleamed from previous focus

What Is a College Legacy What If Youre Not a Legacy

What Is a College Legacy What If You're Not a Legacy SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Many high school students are curious about what it means to be a college legacy. Exactly who counts as a legacy? How much does it help you when it comes to admissions? And what if you’re not a legacy?In this article, we discuss what a college legacy is, which top schools favor legacies, and what you should do- regardless of whether or not you’re a legacy! What Is a College Legacy? Overview First off, what exactly is a college legacy? A legacy is someone who is related to an alumnus of a school- usually a child of a graduate. More distant relations (such as aunts, uncles, and cousins) rarely count. Grandparents sometimes, but not always, count. To take an example, if your mom graduated from Harvard College, you'd be considered a Harvard legacy. However, if your uncle graduated from Harvard Law School, you would not be considered a Harvard legacy.Basically,if one or both of your parents graduated from a school, you would be considered a legacy there. Note, though, that undergraduate admissions offices will be most interested if your parents went there for their undergraduate degrees. If your parents instead got professional degrees andnottheir undergraduate degreesfrom the school, it's less likely you'd be counted as a legacy during the undergraduate admissions process. Legacy status is valued by colleges mainly for economic and community-building reasons. The belief is that when schools admit children of alumni, those alumni will be more likely to stay involved with the school (such as by going to reunions, serving on committees, etc.) and donate money to it. Many schoolsalso believe that legacies will be very active alumni due to their family connection with the school. In short, colleges believe that admitting legacies is a way to not only keep alumni involved but also to ensure a new generation of active alumni. How Much Does Legacy Status Matter? Even though there are many perceived benefits to admitting legacies, legacies aren't even close to a majority of the student body at top schools. Furthermore, being a legacy is far from being a guarantor of admission at a top school. In most cases, being a legacy not going to magically transform a candidate’s chances of admission. If a student's standardized test scores and GPA are below a school’s averages and the student has no meaningful extracurricular involvement, being a legacy won’t guarantee admission. As a Harvard admissions officer once said, "Legacy can cure the sick, but it can’t raise the dead." Being a legacy is often referred to as a push, plus, or tie-breaker. If a candidate is on the bubble, being a legacy could tip him or her over the edge. In fact, here's what Harvard says about legacieson its admissions website: "Among a group of similarly distinguished applicants, the daughters and sons of Harvard College alumni/ae may receive an additionallook." In other words, being a legacy could be a tipping factor in admissions. That said,it’s still far from a guarantee of admission and won’t get an otherwise unimpressive candidate into a school. But this varies by school. Some schools value legacies more than others do, or give them more weight at different points in the admissions process. We’ll explore some of this variation soon. Examples of College Legacy Policies: Harvard, Penn, and MIT In this section, we’ll go over three examples of top schools to explore in what ways legacy status can (and won't) affect your admission chances. The schools we'll be looking at are as follows: Harvard University of Pennsylvania MIT We chose these examples because they reveal some of the sharp differences that can exist when it comes to legacy policies at top schools. Harvard College: "An Additional Look" Harvard is a school that values legacies, at least to a degree. As we mentioned above, Harvard says in their FAQ that the sons and daughters of Harvard alumni will get "an additional look" if the admissions committee can't decide between otherwise comparable candidates. But how much does this "extra look" matter? According to a class of 2021 survey, 17.5% of students at Harvard have at least one parent who is an alumnus. And according to a 2011 article in TheHarvard Crimson, legacies are admitted at a rate of 30%. Given that Harvard’s acceptance rate hovers just below 6%, this seems like more than just an "additional look"- it's actually a pretty big advantage! That said, children of Harvard alumni are more likely to have grown up with more money, gone to better schools, and received superior college counseling,meaning that their legacy status more likely inadvertently caused them to get in rather than acting as the deciding factor. This also helps to explain the huge disparity between the 30% admit rate for legacies and the 6% overall admit rate. All in all, if you’re a Harvard legacy, expect this "additional look" to be a factor in your favor if, based on your stats, you'd already be competitive at Harvard. Penn: Legacy Matters, but Matters More When You Apply Early The University of Pennsylvania notes on its admissions website, "An applicant’s affiliation with Penn, either by being children or grandchildren of alumni, is given the most consideration through Early Decision." We get two pieces of information here. First, at Penn, having a grandparent who is an alum will grant you legacy status, where Harvard seems to only care if your parents went there. But also, if you’re a legacy, you’ll get the biggest boost if you apply early (note that at Penn, early admission is binding). Legacies get a pretty significant admission boost at Penn. According to an article published in their alumni magazine, legacies get into Penn at a rate higher than 40%. That’s four times the overall admission rate of 10%! (For the class of 2021, 16% are legacies.) Furthermore, alumni get additional admissions resources. Here's what the article above says about this: "Other admissions resources for alumni include monthly 'First Friday Drop-In Hours,' which are information sessions especially for alumni, faculty, and staff and their children held on campus, and the 'Inside Penn Admissions' page, www.admissions.upenn.edu/inside." Even though legacies are particularly favored during early decision at Penn, between the additional resources for alumni and that high admit rate, being a legacy seems to be a significant plus. MIT: "We Don't Do Legacy" In contrast to Harvard and Penn, being a legacy will not help you a bit at MIT. This makes MIT unusual among other top schools, as explained in post by MIT Admissions that sharply criticizes legacy admissions: "It is, indeed, unusual for a school like MIT to have no preference for legacies.But one of the things that makes MIT special is the fact that it is meritocratic to its cultural core.* In fact, I think if we tried to move towards legacy admissions we might face an alumni revolt. There is only one way into (and out of) MIT, and that's the hard way. The people here value that." *Emphasis mine MIT prides itself on being as meritocratic as possible, so they don’t consider the legacy status of students applying.Even if both your parents graduated from MIT, it won’t help you get in! This makes for a more level playing field for students who apply to MIT, even though it’s still a very tough field to play on! Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. The Top 25: Which Colleges Care About Legacy? We’ve seen some pretty different policies regarding legacy admissions at three top schools. So out of the top 25 schools (according toUS News), which ones place value on legacy students? As it turns out, most of them do. Only a small handful of top schools (including MIT) don’t value legacies. Get a complete breakdown of the top 25 below. Colleges That Value Legacies These are the colleges in the top 25 that grant at least some favoritism to legacies during the admissions process. This varies from just taking the information into account as part of a holistic application review to specifically reaching out to alumni families and providing them with additional resources. Brown Here's what a 2014 article in theBrown Daily Herald says about legacy: "Having a parent who attended Brown comes into play when applicants 'are essentially equivalent,' in which case admission officers 'will tilt toward the candidate whose parents attended the college,' Miller said. Admission officers give 'small'consideration to grandparent legacy status and 'almost no' weight to sibling legacy cases, he added." Again, we see that legacy status is a tilt or push in an applicant's favor. Carnegie Mellon Carnegie Mellon offers special events for legacies and their families, including preferential seating at graduation. Note that Carnegie Mellon uses a rather broad definition of legacies, defining them as "those students who have family members that also graduated from CMU, including parents, grandparents, siblings, aunts, uncles, and other known relatives"(bold emphasis mine). Columbia Columbia has a legacy policy that's similar to Harvard's: "When an applicant is extremely competitive and compares favorably with other similarly talented candidates, being the daughter or son of a Columbia University graduate (from any Columbia school or college) may be a slight advantage in the admission process." Cornell Here's what theCornell Daily Sunsays about legacies(bold emphasis mine): "According to statistics released by Cornell, 15 percent of Cornell’s entire undergraduate population is comprised of legacy students. This figure is higher than percentages at many of Cornell’s Ivy League counterparts." Dartmouth Dartmouth Alumni Magazine says the following about legacies (bold emphasis mine): "We give all legacy applicants at least one additional review in this process. The dramatic increase in selectivity that we’ve experienced makes the admissions process more competitive for everyone, but our legacy applicants are admitted at a rate that’s roughly two-and-a-half times greater than the overall rate of admission. It’s never easy to turn away the children of Dartmouth alumni." Duke Here is what the Duke alumni website says in regard to legacy (bold emphasis mine): "Alumni affiliation by no means ensures admission to Duke. However, the university recognizes that applicants from alumni families possess a meaningful connection to Duke and its traditions. Admissions officers give special consideration to these applicants, including an additional round of review." Emory Here's what Emory has to say about how it values legacies, as written on its alumni website: "The admission staff and Emory Alumni Association (EAA) work closely to document legacy applicants through the admission-review process. During the initial application review, an applicant's legacy status is noted on the review sheet and admission evaluators are instructed to consider the affiliation. In addition, during the committee-review process, there is a separate committee that does an additional review of legacy applicants. Finally, the deans of admission for Emory College and Oxford College closely monitor legacy decisions throughout the entire process. Note that legacies at Emory are those who are the children, grandchildren, and/or siblings of Emory graduates and/or currently enrolled students. Georgetown We called the admissions office and got this information about legacies: "In early action we don't review legacy; during regular decision we will....It's not a huge factor [but] it's something that we will notice as part of an overall holistic review process." In contrast to Penn, which gives most weight to legacies during early decision, if you apply to Georgetown, legacy status will only be considered under regular decision. Furthermore, here's what a 2017 article in Georgetown's newspaper The Hoya reported about legacy: "While the Office of Undergraduate Admissions does not actively recruit legacy students, it does consider family ties to the university when evaluating students of equal academic standing, and gives preference to students with legacy status in those cases." Harvard As discussed above, Harvard will give legacy applicants "an additional look" and admits them at a higher rate than it does non-legacy candidates. Johns Hopkins We spoke to the admissions staff at Johns Hopkins to ask about how legacy status will affect an application. Here was their response: "It doesn't make a difference if you apply early or regular; you need to make sure that you correctly note your legacy status on the application. We'll look at it [but] it's not going to have a lot of weight." Northwestern Here's what was written an email from Northwestern's admissions office: "During the application process we do take into consideration whether a student has a sibling, parent, or grandparent that graduated from Northwestern. However, it is important to note that no admission decision will ever be made solely based on legacy status. In other words, this is just one additional positivepiece of informationthat we look at, but will not be the deciding factor." Notre Dame Here's what an article published in Notre Dame's TheObserversaysabout legacies: "The number of admitted legacy children remains higher than at most elite colleges, Bishop said. Twenty-four percent of this year’s admitted class is a legacy compared to about 12 percent at most top 10 schools, he said, but this is because legacy applicants tend to be very qualified." Princeton Here's what a 2015 article in the Daily Princetonianreports about legacy: "The acceptance rate for alumni children and step-children has wavered without a specific trend between 35 and 42 percent since the Class of 2000, with the Class of 2018 hitting a record low of 30.8 percent, according to the Princeton Profiles." Recall that Princeton's regular admission rate is just 7%, so this "low" of 30.8% is still quite high. Rice Here's what we received in an email from Rice's admissions office: "There is no specific benefit that is implemented across the board for the children of alumni. Often, legacy status is viewed favorably, but that is mainly a function of a student knowing about Rice-specific opportunities and being able to effectively communicate their interest in Rice through the supplement and visits to campus." Stanford Legacies are admitted at three times the rate of other applicants, according to an article in Stanford Magazine. Admission is also dependent on how engaged the alumni have been with the university. University of Chicago Here's what UChicago said on its Tumblr account in regard to legacy: "Legacy status is something that we can consider, but in a holistic admissions process, it is one of many many factors that will be a part of our decision-making process- and would not be something that could overcome an otherwise lackluster application." University of Pennsylvania As we discussed above, Pennfavors legacy applicants and offers extra services to legacy families. University of Southern California We called USC and spoke with an admissions representative who told us the following: "We certainly want to know you have a parent who graduated from USC ... that piece of information would certainly be of interest for us." USC only has a regular decision plan and an earlier deadline for scholarships (December 1). Legacy status will not factor at all into scholarship consideration. In addition, here's whata 2017 article on USC's undergraduate admission blog says about legacy: "Roughly 19 percent of the first-year students joining USC for the 2017-2018 school year are Scions. But, legacy status is, on its own, not going to be the deciding factor in the evaluation of a student’s application. There are many factors that we are considering when making our decisions, and legacy status is just one part of that." University of Virginia The University of Virginia has an admission liaison program set up to help children of alumni navigate the admissions process. This is noteworthy since UVA is a public university, and public universities are much less likely to notice and favor legacy ties. (The University of Michigan favors legacies as well.) Vanderbilt This is what Vanderbilt's FAQ pagehas to say about legacy: "The admissions office has received no mandate from the university administration to grant preference to the children or siblings of Vanderbilt alumni. When a student‘s record closely mirrors those of other students being offered admission, legacy status may be taken into consideration." Similar to Harvard's policy, legacy status could be a tipping factor if the admissions committee can't decide between two or more similar candidates. Washington University in St. Louis We contacted the admissions office at Washington University and received this reply: "We take into account that your family has ties to the university, however, we still evaluate each student on the merits of their own application." Yale Here's what a New York Times article has written about Yale's legacy policy: "'We turn away 80 percent of our legacies, and we feel it every day,' Mr. Brenzel said, adding that he rejected more offspring of the school’s Sterling donors than he accepted this year (Sterling donors are among the most generous contributors to Yale). He argued that legacies scored 20 points higher on the SAT than the rest of the class as a whole." Still, 20% of legacies getting in is still a much higher rate than the average admission rate at Yale, which currently hovers atjust 7%. Colleges That Do NOT Value Legacies These schools offer zero consideration or additional help to children of alumni in the admissions process. Caltech This is what a 2010 articlehad to say about Caltech's policies on legacies: "Throughout its history Caltech has never been interested in reaching out in any special way to alumni children, and according to one estimate, less than 2 percent of its current undergraduate students have a parent who attended the university. This compares with many other elite private colleges and universities where legacy students comprise as much as 10-15 percent of each entering class (at Notre Dame the figure is close to one-quarter)." Additionally, Caltech is often mentioned alongside MIT as a top research schoolwith no legacy preference. MIT As we discussed above, MIT grants no weight to legacy status during application review. UC Berkeley Like both Caltech and MIT,UC Berkeley does not consider legacy statusduring the undergraduate admissions process. UCLA UCLA is similar to Caltech and UC Berkeley in that it abolished legacy favoritism long agoand has no legacy policy currently in place. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. How to Maximize Your Admissions Chances, Legacy or Not Even though so many top (and mostly private) colleges favor legacies, it's important to remember that legacies are usually only 10-25% of the overall class- typically closer to 10% or 15%. The boost you'd get from being a legacy isn’t any bigger than the one you'd get from having an excellent SAT/ACT score or an intriguing "spike" in your application (which we’ll discuss below). The bottom line is to have the best application possible- legacy or not. With that in mind, here's how to deal with your legacy/non-legacy status when you apply to colleges: If You Are a Legacy †¦ First off, find out what your parents’ alma maters’ policies are regarding legacies. This could affect your admissions strategy. For example, if one of your parents went to Penn, you’re going to have to decide whether you want to take full advantage of your legacy status by applying early decision.Note, however, that applying early decision means you’re committing to go there if admitted (which you have a stronger chance of if you’re a legacy!). This brings me to my second point:don't apply to a school just because you’re a legacy. Colleges are looking for genuine interest in the school. True, you might be naturally interested in your parents’ alma maters since you likely heard a lot about them while growing up. But the final decision rests with you. If you’re only applying because you’re a legacy and don’t indicate your genuine excitement for the school, admissions offices will pick up on that. Furthermore, even if you do get in, you don’t want to end up at a school you’re not super excited about! Finally, remember that even with legacy admission rates between 20%and 50%, this still means many colleges are turning away more than half of legacies who apply.In other words, you’re not getting an automatic pass from admissions officers just by being a legacy. In the end, there is no substitute for a high SAT/ACT score, a strong GPA, and an overall compelling application. If You Are NOT a Legacy †¦ First of all, you can’t do anything to change your legacy or non-legacy status, so I recommend spending approximately zero minutes stressing about it. On a more serious note, though, don't forget that even at schools that favor legacies, legacies are never the majority in an incoming class. Rather, they usually account for between 10% and 25% of the undergraduate population. This means 75-90% of the students in a class are not legacies, so you’re in good company. At the end of the day, admissions officers are looking for top students. And though legacies are desirable, so are students with top scores, great grades, and impressive extracurriculars (a "spike," as we call it around here). Rather than worry about your lack of legacy status, focus on being as competitive as possible. That includes maximizing your SAT/ACT score! Tip the scales in your favor. Also, spend a good deal of time on your"Why this college?" essay. Most schools have spaceon their applications- whether it’s a short response or long essay- for you to explain what exactly it is that draws you to this college. Since you’re not a legacy, you won’t be able to talk about visiting the campus as a child or hearing your parents’ fond memories of the school- but that might be for the better. Make sure you have concrete, specific, and compelling reasons for why you want to go to this particular school, and state them clearly! Ultimately, an essay that discusses how excited you are to explore the computer science department and work with certain professors will likely look a lot better than a legacy’s essay about her fond childhood memories of visiting the main quad. At the end of the day, legacy status is a factor out of your control. That said, your GPA, SAT/ACT score, extracurricular activities, and essays are entirely within your control. So try to focus on those- and on being a strong applicant! Further Reading on College Legacy Legacy admissions is a pretty controversial topic at colleges, and we didn’t want to get embroiled in the debate, which is why we’re not taking a side in regard to whether legacy admissions are a good idea or not. Rather, our aim was tofocus on practical advice for you, given that the system is what it is. If you want to read more about legacy admissions, including how they work, how colleges benefit from them, and whether this system is good or bad, here are some articles to check out. First of all, I suggestlearning more about why some colleges value legacy ties so much. Next, get an in-depth look at the admissions process at Stanford and see how legacies seem to be favored. Also, learn about the other side- what happens when a legacy kid doesn’t get in? Finally, here is a study that found legacy applicants have vastly increased odds of admission. This studyhas been quoted in many op-eds against the practice, including those published inThe New York Times and The Harvard Crimson. What’s Next? Not a legacy? Not a problem. Read about how to make yourself a student that even Harvard and Stanford will fight over. Have you taken the SAT or ACT yet? Learnthe best time in your high school career to take the SAT (ACT version here). Thinking about an SAT/ACT retake? Learn the top nine ACT English strategies you should use as well asthe best methods and strategies for SAT Writing. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Capacitance (Timing Circuits) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Capacitance (Timing Circuits) - Essay Example For capacitance derived unit is useful for expressing the charge (unit of charge is Coulombs)that can be transferred to an object per unit of voltage ( unit of voltage is in Volts) and thus a unit which we got from this ratio is known as Farad. Each capacitor having two parallel plates and will have capacitance equal to  8.85 Ï F/m, times the area of one of the plates, divided by the distance between them. When sharing the charge applied to one capacitor with a second capacitor, charge is conserved, therefore Vf * (C1 + C2) = Vi * C1. When discharging a capacitor through a resistor, V(t) = V0 * e-t/RC. When charging a capacitor through a resistor, V(t) = Vf – Vf * e-t/RC (â€Å"Courseworkbank†). In timing circuits there are two possibilities either we are controlling the rate of response of the capacitor or controlling the rate of voltage across the capacitor. If a series combination of a resistor and capacitor are present such type of circuit is simplest timing circuit. The amount of time to charge the capacitor to 63% of the input voltage as well as it is equal to the resistance times the capacitance is known as time constant T=RC.Varying the values of resistance and capacitance ultimately results in time ranging from microseconds to weeks. The important characteristics of capacitor are: This timer circuit is similar to the 5 to 30 minute timer except that when switch S1 is closed, the on/off action of the circuit will continue indefinitely until S1 is opened again. A 7555 time and low leakage type capacitor for C1 must be used. The 6 way rotary switch S3 adds extra resistance in series to the timing chain with each rotation, minimum resistance point "a" maximum point "f". The 7555 is wired as an equal mark/space ratio oscillator, the timing resistor chain R1 to R6, being connected back to the output of the timer at pin 3.The output pulse duration is defined

Spending city money on a public library Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Spending city money on a public library - Essay Example It brings people and ideas together. The librarians are as well an important element as they educate people on how to get access to information (Quick et al. 81). A library will offer access to everyone regardless, unlike a club that will only allow certain age bracket or will be accessed by revelers only. A library is an investment in the future of the society because the libraries will offer the programs that can meet the economic needs of a community (Quick et al.67). Thus, it is important for combating the economic downturn. They provide invaluable resources for those seeking jobs as most people can utilize the library to access the internet. Therefore, it helps bridging the gap between the haves and have-nots in matters internet access (Quick et al. 53). This is a very effective service to invest in for public consumption providing positive returns on the investments. Investing in a library is investing in generations of a people. This is because their cognitive ability will be enhanced by the learning they get from this facility. And not to mention, education is power. How successful can a society be with this access to information? It is the best place to invest public

Chick-fil-A Customer Service Essay Example for Free

Chick-fil-A Customer Service Essay Chick-fil-A president Dan Cathy greeted employees at the newest Charleston area restaurant with a Bible verse, a prayer and a message about doing business the â€Å"Chick-fil-A Way. † Most people recognize the famous Chick-fil-A cows and their misspelled pleas to â€Å"Eat Mor Chikin. † But not everyone may be aware of Chick-fil-A’s unique way of doing business. With a focus on quality food, superior customer service and dedicated employees, Chick-fil-A has built a restaurant empire. Another freestanding restaurant opened Sept. 29 on Dorchester Road near the Ashley Phosphate Road intersection in North Charleston. Two days before the opening, new employees—called â€Å"team members† in the Chick-fil-A world—served dinner to their family members and listened as Cathy explained the importance of smiling and treating customers with honor, dignity and respect. Chick-fil-A’s mission, he said, is â€Å"to glorify God by being a faithful steward of what is entrusted to us. † Sandwich history Cathy is the son of Chick-fil-A founder S. Truett Cathy, who entered the restaurant business in 1946 when he opened Dwarf Grill in an Atlanta suburb. It would be another 20 years before the world was introduced to Chick-fil-A. In 1961, Truett Cathy accepted leftover pieces of chicken breast from Goode Brothers Poultry. The poultry company provided airlines with boneless, skinless chicken breasts that would fit in the plastic trays used to serve food on airplanes but had plenty of leftover pieces to sell. Truett Cathy had considered adding chicken to his menu and decided to take the poultry company up on its offer to take the leftover pieces too big for the airline trays. Truett Cathy spent months perfecting the recipe and figuring out the best way to cook the chicken quickly. After four years, he had a boneless chicken sandwich. According to Chick-fil-A history, Truett Cathy originally called it a chicken steak sandwich but began thinking of something that could carry a trademark. The best cut of a steak is the fillet, so why not call the sandwich a chicken fillet, he thought. The name morphed into chick fillet and eventually became Chick-fil-A (with a capital â€Å"A† to emphasize quality). The first Chick-fil-A opened in Atlanta’s Greenbrier Mall in 1967. The first freestanding restaurant opened in Atlanta about 20 years later. The restaurant has continued its incredible growth, expanding heavily into the western United States, introducing a breakfast menu and healthier menu options. The Chick-fil-A Way Certainly Chick-fil-A isn’t the only quick service restaurant to make billions, but what sets Chick-fil-A apart is the company’s corporate philosophy, its emphasis on values, customer service and treating employees like family members. Dan Cathy attributes the company’s success to his 84-year-old father, whom he describes as a tremendous influence, a â€Å"patriarch† and â€Å"Moses figure† in the family and in the company. Thanks to his father’s influence, Chick-fil-A has â€Å"stayed the course,† Dan Cathy said. Despite the many potential distractions, the company stays focused on its recipes, hot food, clean restrooms—the things that are important to customers. Interestingly, Dan Cathy refers to his company as being in the hospitality business—not usually the first description that comes to mind when thinking about fast food. But Cathy said the idea of being in the hospitality business began when his family opened its first diner. â€Å"That’s our heritage, our roots,† he said. When the focus is on the customers and employees, success will follow, according to Chick-fil-A’s philosophy. â€Å"It’s all about the people,† Dan Cathy said. â€Å"You can’t have great tasting food until you have a good relationship with your employees. † Chick-fil-A offers $1,000 college scholarships to its employees, having awarded about $20 million during the past 30 years. The company also has a unique agreement with its operators, providing franchisees with the chance to sublease a restaurant for $5,000. Each month operators pay the corporate office 15% of gross sales and 50% of net profits as a franchise fee. Operators are assured a minimum annual income of $30,000. The company continues its long-standing tradition of being closed on Sundays, so employees can spend time with their families and attend a worship service. Despite opportunities to go public, Chick-fil-A remains a private company so it can retain control over its key values. Chick-fil-A has proven a business with values and principles can do well. And not just survive but thrive, Dan Cathy pointed out. In 2004, Chick-fil-A achieved sales of $1. 74 billion—an increase of 13. 8% over 2003. The company is opening 61 new restaurants this year, and customer satisfaction scores are the highest they have ever been, Cathy said. The company will introduce milkshakes to its menu next summer. And a spicy chicken sandwich is being tested in the Tampa, Fla. , area. Family ties have local roots Operating the new Dorchester Road location is Daniel Dickerson, whose family has been operating Chick-fil-A for years. His father was one of the first Chick-fil-A operators, and his brother, Patrick Dickerson, is the operator of the Mount Pleasant Chick-fil-A. Raised in Charleston, Daniel Dickerson previously ran a store in Ocala, Fla. Dickerson said he looks up to the Cathy family and also tries to live up to the legacy his own father left behind. Dickerson oversees 72 part- and full-time employees at his North Charleston store. Many of the employees are teenagers, and Dickerson—following a company tradition—employs students who are involved in their schools and extracurricular activities. Chick-fil-A promotes involvement and works around students’ schedules. Dickerson said he would rather have 20 students with less availability than students who aren’t involved in their schools. At the family night celebration, Dan Cathy assured the parents of the many teenage employees their children would be working in a supportive environment. If grades aren’t maintained, students’ work schedules could be cut back. From providing scholarships to closing on Sundays, Chick-fil-A continues to do business its own way, based on principles Truett Cathy instilled in the company more than 50 years ago. In 2002, Truett Cathy published Eat Mor Chikin: Inspire More People, a book that explains â€Å"Doing Business the Chick-fil-A Way. † Truett Cathy opens a chapter on priorities and commitment by recalling when a reporter asked him how he would like to be remembered. Cathy responded, â€Å"I think I’d like to be remembered as one who kept my priorities in the right order. We live in a changing world, but we need to be reminded that the important things have not changed, and the important things will not change if we keep our priorities in proper order. † Holly Fisher is the supplements editor for the Business Journal.

True Romance :: essays research papers

Once again, Quentin Tarantino outdoes himself. The movie True Romance was excellent. It presented real issues that some people are forced to deal with in their lives. The title of the movie is misleading. You would think this was going to be a love story. Actually it is, but unlike any love story I've ever seen. It's filled with violence, action, blood, guts and gore. Like most other Tarantino movies it revolves around the violence we rarely see or experience in our lives. He also incorporates drugs and racism, hate and love and his usual corny way of portraying them. In Tarantino films, violence is presented in a totally different approach than movies like Rambo or Die Hard. Although you have the same amount of people dying, Tarantino seems to have this perverted and gruesome way of presenting it to his audiences. He always takes violence to the extreme. In the scene with the pimp he doesn't just shoot the pimp in the back or chest. He goes right for the gusto...his balls! Another example of this is when Dennis Hopper was killed. We all knew what happened to him, but Tarantino makes sure he shows us the oozing bullet wound to his head. Some people think this is taking violence too far; however, acts of this nature happen in the real world every day. I guess this is his way of giving us a "reality check." Shit like this happens to people. We are so sheltered in our comfortable little worlds we don't even realize this kind of stuff goes on. Variety. Isn't it supposed to be the "spice of life?" Well, Tarantino gets so damn spicy it can make you sweat bullets. What is it about violence that is so attractive to the general public? There are so many people who would rather see a violent movie than a movie filled with romance or adventure. If you were to compare the revenues from box office earnings I'm almost positive the movies filled with blood and guts earn much more than other movies. Naturally, if a person in the movie industry knows this will make them mega bucks , they will continue to make movies like this to make more money. Tarantino tends to slide in a little racism in his flicks. It's pretty obvious it's not the main topic, but it is apparent. Hopper was unique when he told the Sicilian guy his great, great, great, great grandmother had slept with a nigger and that's why he had dark skin and brown eyes.

Why To Travel Alone

Yara exchanged the comforts of home 16 years ago for a life on the road. She has been traveling the world mixing a †¦ Shutterstock 1. You will meet amazing people. While traveling with friends or a significant other can be a lot of fun, traveling solo for a certain amount of time can prove to be one of the most rewarding things you’ll ever do because of the great people you’ll meet. When we travel with friends or a partner, we tend to stick to that little group of familiar faces and even though you’ll meet new people, the dynamics and interactions won’t be as deep and fulfilling.While you’re on your own on the road, you’re much more eager to meet travel buddies, team up with other travelers and generally reach out more in order to socialize. 2. The overwhelming sense of absolute freedom. When you travel on your own and you start meeting people and making awesome friends, you’ll probably team up with travel buddies and end up expan ding your travel plans. You’ll probably change your plans once you hear about that amazing waterfall, that incredible desert beach, the opportunity to bungee jump from a high bridge, or  taste a special delicacy you’ll only find off the beaten track.When you’re traveling, you’re open to change and you’ll welcome it with open arms. The great thing is that you don’t have to fit into a group’s agenda, give explanations or disappoint anyone, you can follow your rhythm, desires and move like the wind. 3. Traveling alone challenges your fears and insecurities This is a big one, especially if it’s your first solo experience. I remember the first time I traveled when I was 18 and moved to London on my own for 3 months to be an au pair and live with a local family.I was terrified of the unknown, but if I would have surrendered to that fear, I would have never get to know the strong, courageous and adventurous side of me. I was scared, but I did it anyways and by the 3rd day, I was really proud of myself. From then on I never let fear stop me. 16 years and many adventures later, I still have a little voice inside my head, asking: â€Å"What if something goes wrong? † â€Å"What if you get into trouble?† This is normal and perfectly human; fear exists for our own protection and boosts our awareness. But we shouldn’t let it control our lives.Safety can be a great comfort, but common sense is the key. Read and research a lot before you travel, check out hostel reviews, and research feedback from other travelers in forums and blogs. Respect the local culture and I guarantee you’ll be fine. 4. Fall in love. Everyone wants to find their better half and much is said about failed relationships while on the road. It doesn’t have to be like that! We find love when we meet someone who shares our interests, dreams, and goals. While traveling solo you’ll meet so many people from all w alks of life that falling in  love might just happen.Whether it will be a great summer love or end up at the altar, no one knows, but there are many people out there with amazing stories. If you already have a partner, this time away can boost your passion and once you’re back, you’ll appreciate each other’s company more. 5. You can take the time to nurture yourself. If you have a stressful life back home, either studying hard or working too much, traveling on your own can be the time to take some time off and nurture yourself.Whether you’re a backpacker traveling cheap or if  the sky is the limit as far as your budget goes, you can use this time to pamper yourself. Indulge in rich and delicious local meals which will boost your energy and health, take long walks on the beach by sunrise, or get a massage. Do some yoga and relax a lot. Enjoy all the wonderful things you deserve, and understand that happiness is a birth right, not a privilege. 6. Youâ⠂¬â„¢ll have a chance to recreate yourself and be who you want to be. While traveling solo, you can leave your grumpy, tired old self behind and start to be a new you.Explore parts of your personality you are not very  comfortable or familiar with. When on the road, you might be challenged by unexpected factors and be positively surprised how well you respond to them. Empower yourself by unleashing the wonderful, irresistible and intelligent person you are, but whom you’ve neglected in your everyday routine. 7. You can finally take time to leave everything else behind. Just disconnect from the world for a while. Turn off your mobile, â€Å"forget† to check you emails for a few days†¦ don’t think about the bills, the responsibilities, the duties and problems. Leave them behind.Some of the most intense creative times or the ones where we find the solutions for all our problems are actually the moments when we disconnect and stop worrying. Have you ever trie d to remember a name or a date and you just can’t spit it out, but after you quit trying it pops out? It’s the same for the rest of life. Sometimes our brains need to get rid of old thoughts in order to be able to create space for new ones, better ones. So just disconnect yourself from everything and you might be amazed by how fresh you’ll feel once you get back home.

Mergers And Acquisitions In India An Analytical Study Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 22 Words: 6469 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Business Combinations are a critical part of the fabric of doing business in a free market economy and are deeply ingrained in the business strategy the world over. Such combinations include mergers, acquisitions and other forms of corporate restructuring undertaken both within a country and across international boundaries. The intensity of MA activity in US in 1990s was unlike any other year in US history. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mergers And Acquisitions In India An Analytical Study Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Following a drop in both the number of transactions and the total dollar volume during the 1990 recession, MA activity rebounded sharply in 1992.Deals during the nineties were prompted more by strategic considerations and used less debt as compared to 1990s. The financial environment which was quite favorable in terms of vibrant stock markets and relatively low interest rates facilitated the resurgence of MA activity in US. Mergers and acquisitions worldwide have jumped 30% in 2006 to hit an all time record $3.7 trillion in 2006, surpassing the 2000 high of $3.4 trillion, according to data released by Thomson Financial. While the US was the most targeted country for acquisitions, representing over 40% of global MA activity, the UK was the most targeted European country for acquisitions, with $339 billion of cross border and domestic transactions. The year 2007 was again a record year for global MA volumes which were estimated at a record figure of around $4.4 and $4.7 billion accordi ng to global deal tracking firms Thomson Financials and Dealogic respectively. The global financial crisis has sent many economies around the globe into recession and has dramatically changed the business plans and outlook the world over. The global economy plunged into recession in the latter half of the year 2008. This period witnessed a combination of severe banking crises in many mature economies like US, the squeezing of credit lines, colossal house price corrections and widespread collapse in fixed investments. While the recession may be easing, as a sequel to the massive fiscal stimulus measures taken by the governments of the countries concerned and world bodies, the recovery is going to be slow and patchy. [The Great Thornton International Business Report (IBR) 2009]. MA activities gained traction globally in the fourth quarter of 2009,witnessing a rise in value by 46% to $739.6billion which was $150 billion higher than any other quarter in 2009(Business Standard,20th Ma rch,2010). This has clearly thrown a hint at a resurgence of MA activity in the New Year 2010 according to deal tracking firm Dealogic. MAs in the Indian Context The Indian economy has experienced a major structural transformation following the introduction of economic reforms by the Government of India in 1991. The forces of Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization unleashed by these reforms have brought about a sea change in the traditional Indian business mindset. Indian business leaders started thinking in terms of inorganic growth both within and beyond the borders of the country. In this backdrop, MA presented a viable alternative for the businesses aspiring to grow quickly and gain the benefits of sustainable competitive advantage by realizing the benefits of scale and scope economies, fast changing technologies for effectively facing rapidly intensifying domestic and international competition. Many corporates embarked upon several corporate restructuring activities like MAs, Joint Ventures, Spin-offs and Divestitures. The major industry sectors affected by the forces of consolidation in India, though varied from time to time, were mostly in the realm of infrastructure sectors like cement, power, steel, drugs, telecommunications and media entertainment and banking. Caught between a global financial crisis and economic slowdown, merger and acquisition (MA) and private equity (PE) investments in India have almost halved both in volume and value terms in 2009. The total value of MA and PE deals announced in 2009 was $21.20 billion against $41.54 billion in 2008. Top deals in the year 2009 have occurred in the oil and gas sector followed by telecom, pharmaceuticals, healthcare and biotech while in the year 2008 the top deals were spread across various sectors. It may also be noted that in 2008, cash-rich Indian companies like Infosys Technologies made new acquisitions both in India and abroad as target companies valuations dropped significantly. A survey of Indian corporate managers conducted by Grant Thornton (2006), across various sectors, revealed that MAs continued to be a significant form of busi ness strategy for the Indian corporates. The results of the survey further indicated that improvement in revenue and profitability, faster growth in scale and quicker time to market, acquisition of new technology or competence and elimination of competition and increase in market share were by far the most important motives for MAs in India. Selection of Indian Banking Sector for the present study Recent times have witnessed the world economy develop serious difficulties in terms of failure of major banking financial institutions and declining demand. Prospects became very uncertain causing recession in major economies. However, amidst all this chaos engulfing the world economy, Indias banking sector has been amongst the few to maintain resilience. A progressively growing balance sheet, higher pace of credit expansion, expanding profitability and productivity akin to banks in developed markets, lower incidence of non-performing assets(NPAs) and increased focus on financial inclusion by the Government of India and RBI have contributed to making Indian banking vibrant and strong. Indian banks have begun to revise their growth strategy and re-evaluate the prospects to keep the economy rolling. The way forward for the Indian banks is to innovate to take advantage of the new business opportunities besides ensuring continuous assessment of risks. Against this backdrop, we have selected Indian banking sector as the theme of our Mergers and Acquisitions research study in the Indian context. MAs in the Indian Banking Sector During the last two decades, the Indian banking sector has undergone a metamorphic change following the economic reform process initiated by the Government of India. The forces of globalization, deregulation and liberalization unleashed by the economic reforms, set in motion in 1991, have transformed the face of the Indian financial services sector landscape , including that of the Indian banking sector in a big way. There has been a paradigm shift from a regulated to a deregulated environment. Deregulation in the form of elimination of exchange controls and interest rate ceilings have made the market place much more competitive. Innovation and keeping pace with technological change have become a must for survival of the firms in the financial services industry including banking sector. The changes that have taken place in the banking sector have witnessed quite a few mergers and acquisitions (MAs). The commercialbanking sector in India has made remarkable progress since the eco nomic reforms in 1991.The entire financial sector the banking sector in particular is of fundamental importance to a developing economy. The Narasimham Committee report in August 1991 highlighted the need for financial sector reforms and fostering competitive spirit in the Indian banking sector. The report also suggested a roadmap to achieve this objective. The central theme of the reforms was straight forward: providing a necessary platform to the banking sector to operate on the basis of operational flexibility and functional autonomy, thereby enhancing efficiency, productivity and profitability. The Government did not accept all the recommendations due to political compulsions and the practical difficulties in implementation. In 1997, a second committee was set up (under M. Narasimham) to specifically suggest further measures for banking sector reforms. The second Narasimham committee, in its report submitted in April, 1998 had suggested, inter alia mergers among strong banks , both in the public and private sectors. Since the onset of reforms in 1990, according to the RBI report, 22 bank amalgamations, have taken place in India (up to 2007). While, the amalgamations of banks were primarily driven by weak financials of the merging banks prior to 1999, in the post-1999 period there have been mergers between healthy banks prompted by business and commercial considerations. The mergers of the largest commercial bank of India, SBI with State Bank of Saurashtra and State Bank of Indore and the proposed merger of Bank of Rajasthan (BOR) with the ICICI Bank are the latest among such mergers. The main motivation for the study is the sustained effort made by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India towards consolidating the Indian Baking sector, especially in the post-liberalization period of the Indian economy. In this context, while the Government of India and the RBI argue that (in the words of Mr. Chidambaram, former finance minister) consolid ation of the banking sector would result in economies of scale and help the Indian banks acquire the much needed critical mass to compete effectively in the global arena, the present level of research does not clearly bring out the benefits of consolidation, especially in the banking sector. The research study (divided into three stages) therefore attempts to examine the effectiveness of the consolidation exercise of the RBI to enhance the competitiveness of the Indian Banking industry employing a ratio based approach in the first stage and makes a few suggestions which might enable the policy makers to sharpen their thinking in the area and help them in adopting a more rigorous and critical approach to consolidation, which is necessarily a time-consuming and complex process. The importance of an efficient banking system in the long term growth of a developing economy like India can hardly be overemphasized. Studies of this nature are very significant for the policy makers, indus try leaders and even the investing public who are keen to know the strengths and weaknesses of the banking system of the country. The analysis of bank efficiency is significant from both the microeconomic and macroeconomic perspectives (Berger and Humphrey, 1997).The issue is crucial from microeconomic perspective because of the emerging competitive business scenario and the steps taken by the government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to liberalize the banking system. From the macroeconomic perspective the issue gains crucial importance in the context of the influence that efficiency exercises on the cost structure of the banking system and the overall growth and stability of the financial markets. The motivation for the second stage of the study stems from the crucial role of Mergers and Acquisitions (MAs) in shaping the restructuring process of the Indian banking sector in future. Quite a few studies conducted to evaluate the impact of bank mergers have adopted either acco unting based or market based approaches, with each one having its own strengths and shortcomings. The results of event studies seem to depend substantially on technical details such the length of the event window selected. Further meaningful price data exist only for those banks whose shares are actively, publicly traded (Yaakov Amihud et al, 1998). The bottom line of accounting studies is that there is no clear relation, on average, between acquisitions and subsequent accounting performance. One plausible explanation is that the accounting data are too noisy to isolate the effects of acquisition. This is plausible given the transformation the accounts of the merging firms go through at the merger (restatements, special amortization and depreciation, merger related costs etc) (Steven.N. Kaplan, 2006). While the period of study in many research studies conducted to evaluate banking efficiency, especially in the context of bank mergers in India is relatively short, the present study c overs a fairly long period over which a sizeable number of bank mergers (in India ) have taken place. The present study therefore addresses an important gap in the literature by providing the most recent evidence on the efficiency of bank mergers in the Indian context. To evaluate the post-merger efficiencies of acquiring banks undergoing mergers, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and DEA-Malmquist productivity index approaches have been employed. Further, the study also employs Tobit regression technique to identify the major determinants of the efficiency of Indian commercial banks. The third and final stage of the study examines the customer perception of service quality post-merger/marketing implications of commercial bank mergers in India. The Indian banking sector has witnessed massive transformation in terms of the sophistication and innovation in the product and service mix, technological upgradation, customer reach and sectoral coverage fully exploiting the opportunities w hich help increasing revenues while optimizing on costs. At the same time, the expectations of the consumers of banking services have increased many fold. The entry of private and foreign banks has changed the competitive landscape and ushered in an era of intense competition. As a result, the customer has become the focal point in the decision making process of a bank and factoring his views/expectations in designing or developing various banking products, services and strategies is a must for achieving sustainable competitive advantage. Hence it is an imperative necessity to factor the customer view point on the post-merger service quality of commercial banks in India. Towards this end, a questionnaire based survey approach has been adopted to evaluate the marketing implications of commercial bank mergers in India besides employing Factor analysis methodology to identify the critical factors influencing the customer perception of commercial bank mergers in India. Objectives of the Study The present study has the following objectives: Ratio Analysis approach for evaluating the post-merger performance of select commercial banks: To evaluate the financial performance of the commercial banks before and after merger, during the period 1994-2009 (post-reform period) To summarize the findings and offer appropriate recommendations for the future banking merger policy of the Government of India/Reserve Bank of India. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach to evaluate the post-merger performance of commercial banks in India To understand the role of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) in evaluating the relative efficiencies (Technical, Scale, Cost and Profit) of Decision Making Units (DMUs) in a given sample. To investigate the empirical evidence on the efficiency/productivity gains of the Indian commercial banks during the post-reform (deregulated) period. To examine the role of commercial bank mergers in efficiency gains, if any, in the post-reform period. To identify the factors which critically influence the efficiency and productivity of commercial banks in India. To suggest measures to the policy makers (Government of India and the RBI) for effective implementation of merger policy of commercial banks in India. Marketing implications of commercial bank mergers/customer perceptions of post-merger service quality of commercial banks in India. To understand the marketing implications of commercial bank mergers in general and in the Indian context. To identify the key factors influencing the perception of customers on bank mergers in India. To explore whether different demographic/behavioral groups have unique service needs and deserve distinct promotional appeals in the marketing strategy formulation of commercial banks. To suggest measures aimed at improving the service quality of the commercial banks in India in the face of mergers. Hypotheses of the Study: The following hypotheses have been set up for testing for statistical significance of each financial ratio separately (Stage 1: Ratio analysis approach). H0: There is no significant change in the financial ratio due to the MA event. H1: There is significant change in the financial ratio due to the MA event. Keeping the objectives in perspective, and having regard to the results of past research in the area of measuring post-merger efficiencies under Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach (Stage 2) in the global and Indian banking sectors, which were at best mixed, the following four hypotheses have been framed to seek empirical evidence on the impact of mergers on the efficiency of Indian banking sector in the post-reform period. Hypothesis: 1 (Technical Efficiency) H0: Technical efficiency (TE) of acquiring bank will not improve in the post-merger scenario. H1: Technical efficiency(TE) of acquiring bank will improve in the post-merger scenario Hypothesis: 2 (Scale Efficiency) H0: Scale efficiency of acquiring bank will not improve in the post-merger scenario. H1: Scale efficiency of acquiring bank will improve in the post-merger scenario. Hypothesis: 3 (Cost or X- Efficiency) H0: Cost or X- Efficiency of acquiring bank will not improve in the post-merger scenario. H1: Cost or X- Efficiency of acquiring bank will improve in the post-merger scenario. Hypothesis: 4 (Profit Efficiency) H0: Profit Efficiency of acquiring bank will not improve in the post-merger scenario. H1: Profit Efficiency of acquiring bank will improve in the post-merger scenario. To evaluate the marketing implications/customer perception (Stage 3) of commercial bank mergers in India, having regard to the review of literature in this regard, the following hypotheses have been proposed: Ho: There is no significant association between respondents demographic/behavioral characteristics and their perception of the effect of commercial bank mergers and acquisitions on the quality of banking services. H1: There is significant association between respondents demographic/behavioral characteristics and their perception of the effect of commercial bank mergers and acquisitions on the quality of banking services. Review of literature: About 200 relevant research papers from important journals and other pertinent text books and websites have been reviewed to identify the gaps, which offer s cope for the present study. Research Methodology and Sampling Design: To evaluate the post-merger performance of sampled commercial banks, Ratio Analysis approach has been employed in the first stage of the research. To test whether there was a significant difference between pre and post-merger 3-year average (window period selected, excluding the merger year) values of the selected ratios, t-test has been employed. In the second stage of the research, using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) program written by Coelli(1996) , post-merger efficiencies of select commercial banks have been evaluated. While there is no consensus in the literature, on the best choice of inputs and outputs for efficiency evaluation of banks, the study adopts intermediation approach and input orientation for evaluating Technical, Cost(or X-) and Profit efficiencies. DEA- Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) has been made use of to examine the impact of technological frontier shift in bringing about a change in average bank productivity subsequent to the merger. Further, Tobi t regression has been employed to identify the critical factors influencing the efficiency of the Indian banking sector. In the third and final stage of the research, to evaluate the customer perception/marketing implications of bank mergers, the survey-questionnaire method has been adopted. Each customer has been evaluated on 20 parameters and the degree of perception of customers has been quantified using a five point Likert scale. To test whether there is significant association between the demographic/behavioral variables and the customer perception, Chi-square test (at 5% level of significance) has been employed and Factor analysis has been done using SPSS version 16 to identify the critical factors influencing the customer perception in the face of commercial bank mergers in India. A sample of 11 commercial bank mergers has been employed for the purpose of ratio analysis (first stage of the study), the study period being 1994-2009.To arrive at this sample, all the commercia l bank mergers occurring during the said period have been taken from the RBIs data base (www.rbi.org.in) . However, in doing so i) the overlapping mergers during the window period and ii) those bank mergers where the target banks were either co-operative banks or Local area banks(LABs) whose cost structure and nature of operations would be substantially different from those of the commercial banks, have been excluded. For the second stage of the research study, the sample, chosen on a judgmental basis and by seeking expert opinion, consisted of 27 commercial banks (twenty major public sector banks and seven new generation private sector commercial banks).This would encompass 8 commercial bank mergers(of which six include a public sector bank as acquiring bank and two from private sector as acquiring banks). For the final stage of our analysis, the customer sample size was 280 drawn from both the public and private sector banks in Hyderabad city, in the ratio of 75:25 respectively, t he ratio having been decided on the basis of the number of public and private sector bank branches in the Hyderabad city and the volume of average business handled by them. Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations: To sum up, the evidence reviewed here examines the issue of Mergers Acquisitions in the Indian banking sector from three broad perspectives i) ratio based analysis of post-merger performance of the commercial banks in India ii) DEA based evaluation of post-merger efficiencies of the commercial banks in India, the role of technological progress/technical efficiency in enhancing the productivity of the banks post-merger, and identification of the major factors influencing the efficiency of the banking sector in India and finally iii) studying the marketing implications of commercial bank mergers in India. While the ratio analysis yields mixed results concerning the impact of bank mergers on the performance of Indian commercial banks, DEA analysis looks at the post-merg er scenario of commercial banks of India more positively and favorably. The ratio analysis lends credence to the thinking that mergers can help commercial banks achieve superior profitability if the bank management looks at the following crucial dimensions of bank financial management: Analysis of operational parameters indicates a significant increase in Operating expenses to Average Working Funds (AWF) and a significant decline in Efficiency ratio (not efficiency) post-merger. The smaller the efficiency ratio, the more profitable is the bank, all other factors being equal. It is also observed from the results that the ratio of Operating expenses to Total expenses has increased significantly after the merger. While the increase in operating expenses to some extent is natural post-merger, better control over operating expenses in the change scenario could help the merged bank in converting more of total income into net income or net profit. Improved and more sophisticate d techniques need to be employed by the bank in managing the asset portfolio to meet liquidity need in order to achieve increased returns from the assets acquired through merger. The results further indicate that there is a significant improvement in the Equity multiplier (EM) or the financial leverage of the acquiring bank and its Return on investment (ROI) has increased from 13.70% to 15.80% post-merger. Earnings multiplier or financial leverage should be used very carefully by the bank management. Literature indicates that top-earning banks generally economize on using high cost equity capital and lay more emphasis on the earnings-leveraging effects of relatively less costly short and long term debt. In this context, the financial synergies that the merged entity (bank) is likely to enjoy, gains prominence. Financial leverage works in favor of the bank when the earnings are positive, but on the flip side, it magnifies the negative impact of losses. EM represents a risk meas ure because it reflects how many assets can go into default before a bank becomes insolvent. It is also found that the Net interest margin (NIM) has increased from 1.90% to 2.30% post-merger. This is an extremely important measure in evaluating a banks ability to manage interest rate risk. State of the art risk management techniques should be put in place post-merger so that banks exposure to various types of risk is minimized and losses do not overtake income and equity capital. The need for expanding fee income has become a key element in bank strategies to increase profits in recent years. Deregulation of the banking industry has put added pressure on banks to charge fees for every service they render to their clients. This has led to many innovations in developing new fee-generating services, like portfolio management, wealth management and depository services which MAs in banks facilitate. Management of non-performing assets is a another critical area for banks faci ng mergers as it has often been found that the target banks, especially in the regulator dictated mergers, are generally saddled with their own share of bad debts. While the proportion of NPAs is broadly controlled (around 2% to 3%), there is an increased need to for the commercial banks in India to manage their credit risk by monitoring their loan portfolios efficiently in the post-merger scenario. Analysis of productivity parameters shows that the average net income per employee has increased from 2.70% to 3.40% post-merger. Further, significant increases have been observed in average Business per employee(BPE),Operating profit per employee, Assets per employee and the Loans per employee ratios of acquiring banks post-merger.Employee productivity is generally higher among top earners. A merger offers logically more scope for the larger bank to manage more assets and increase its income per employee which in turn will enable them to pay higher salaries to the more productive emp loyees. From the efficiency analysis(Using DEA), It is observed that the scale efficiency has improved in a majority of the sampled acquiring banks post-merger though the same can not be said about the pure technical efficiency (PTE), a kind of input oriented efficiency of the bank. This lends credence to the view that bank size is clearly an important factor in maintaining improved profitability and technical efficiency. This view also receives support from the Tobit analysis of the TE of the sampled banks. Based on existing trends and changes in economic environments, future consolidation of the banking sector in India will likely involve mergers between both public sector and private sector banks. Though the mergers of SBIs associates with itself (the latest one in the news being State Bank of Indore) have been happening at regular intervals, the same is not the case with public sector banks in general though they account for about 75% of the market share of the business. Henc e to remove inefficiencies primarily of technical nature, it is suggested that mergers among public sector banks is a strategic imperative. The global trends also indicate the continuation of consolidation of banks in EU, Asia to exploit the synergies of mergers. While the study does not find significant cost-efficiency gains in bank mergers, consolidation appears to increase profit efficiency and to help diversify the portfolio risks of the participants on an average. Y.Amihud et al(1998) argue that profit efficiency is more appropriate than the analysis of cost efficiency to the MA study because it includes the revenue effects of changes in output that typically occur after mergers. Profit efficiency is a more general concept that includes cost X-efficiency effects of the merger plus any revenue and cost effects of changes of output. The Tobit analysis of Technical Efficiency(TE) shows that the size has a significant positive influence on the TE of the bank possibly due to scal e efficiencies derived from the merger. The TE has also been found to be positively influenced by the capitalization, non-interest income to total income (NIITI) and PBDIT to average total assets (PBDITATA).However the new generation private sector banks are found to be more technically efficient than the public sector banks under both the TE models considered for analysis. The Tobit analysis of Technical efficiency also demonstrates the significant positive influence of size, capitalization, PBDITATA and ROCE on the TE of the bank even under the second set of inputs and outputs which reflect the core banking activity (Model 2). Tobit analysis also indicates that the X-efficiencies are influenced by Size, RONW, NIINI and PBDIATA. This is in line with the literature findings that when profitability is measured by ROE, the largest banks in the industry lead the pack, by making better use of their financial leverage. Tobit regression also points that the profit efficiency of the ban ks is influenced by RONW and PBDITATA. This finding has implications for the capital adequacy norms to be followed by the commercial banks as per RBI directives. The capital adequacy of a bank is measured by the Capital to the risk weighted assets ratio (CRAR) for which the RBIs stipulated standard is 9%.However for many banks in India, the CRAR is well over the prescribed bench mark (Around 13% for example for, SBI, the market leader).But there has been a paradigm shift in the emphasis following the implementation of Basel-II norms (for improved and integrated risk management of banks) ,i.e a shift from capital sufficiency hither to emphasized by the regulators to capital efficiency. Referring to the other two significant variables, NIINI and PBDITATA, while the growing role of non-fund based income in determining the net income of a bank hjas already been emphasized, it is quite intuitive that PBDIATA is a significant contributor to the profit efficiency of the bank. Further, r eferring to the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) analysis, it is observed that the change in mean MPI (productivity measure) of acquiring bank post-merger is brought about more by the technological progress (frontier shift) rather than by the technical efficiency change. Hence it is necessary for the Indian public sector commercial banks to emulate the new generation private sector banks which provide the efficiency benchmarks in implementing the latest technologies in banking industry, so as to augment their productivity. In this context, we may refer to a study on the efficiency of public sector banks for the period 2003-2007 by G.M.Sanjeev(2008) which has not found any clear cut evidence of improvements in efficiency levels of public sector banks over the years. This is in line with our Tobit analysis where the sign of the estimates for the regression coefficients of Dummy variable DSECTOR have always been negative indicating that public sector banks are less efficient under al l the models. Technological innovation has been a major concern of Financial institutions in the recent years. Technology has entered the banking sector over the years in various forms: core banking solutions which will reduce transaction costs by as much as 15% immediately and more in course of time; Real Time Gross Settlement, Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), Electronic banking, ATMs, Structured Financial Messaging Systems (SFMS), Plastic money (credit cards, debit cards and smart cards), Biometric ATMs and Transactional kiosks etc are a few prominent examples in this context. Evolution of technology is taking place at an enormous pace and if the banks fail to keep pace with it they will lose the competition race. Technology risk occurs when technological investments do not produce economies of scale or scope. Diseconomies of scale can arise if there is excess capacity, redundant technology, and organizational bureaucratic inefficiencies (red tape) that get worse as an FI(Financia l Institution) grows. Diseconomies of scope arise when a FI, say a bank fails to generate anticipated synergies or cost savings through major new technology investments (A.Saunders, 1994).Technology is a key driver in the banking industry, which creates new business models and processes, and also revolutionizes distribution channels. The beneficiaries in this sector are those that have invested in technology. Adoption of technology also enhances the quality of risk management systems in banks( especially under Basel II). It is therefore necessary that technology management is given the pride of place and should rightly be treated as an integral part of sound bank management process. A further challenge which banks might face in technology investments is to ensure that they derive maximum advantage from their investments and avoid wasteful expenditure which might arise on account of peacemeal adoption of technology; adoption of inappropriate/inconsistent technology and adoption of obsolete technology (V.Leeladhar, 2006).This calls for a critical evaluation of costs and benefits of technology investments by banks concerned in a systematic and co-ordinated manner to derive maximum mileage from such investments. The third and final stage of the research study, highlights the importance of customer perception of the implications of commercial bank mergers in India. After all, customer is the king and every banking effort is aimed at improving his lot. The findings on marketing implications of commercial bank mergers in India (customer perception of bank mergers) reveal that customer perception of bank mergers is significantly influenced by their demographic and behavioral variables. This has important implications to the bank management in developing an effective marketing strategy. This study demonstrates clearly that in a banking environment marked by frequent commercial bank mergers demographic/behavioral differences and customer service perceptions are re lated. By providing banking products and services which match the segmental requirements, bank marketers are more likely to be crowned with success in retaining their market share apart from roping in customers affected by the turbulence created by mergers in the banking environment. Factor analysis attempted to identify the major factors influencing the customer perception of bank mergers has produced six constructs out of which we observe that the innovation in developing appropriate banking products and services and customer relationship management (CRM) are crucial. While the former has been discussed in detail in the context of technology management, the latter is a sheer necessity in the emerging competitive scenario.CRM clearly underscores the fact that in implementing best practices in marketing, there has been a paradigm shift from product focus to customer focus and bank managers have found that the enhancement of existing customer relationships through managing customer e xpectations automatically brings the benefit of profitable and sustainable revenue growth. Looking at the findings from a policy perspective, it is time that in the best interests of maintaining public confidence and transparency, the central government and the RBI streamlined the rules governing bank mergers. While the issue whether these mergers should be brought under the purview of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) continues to be hotly debated, it is appropriate for the regulators to lay down clear guidelines so that the CEOs of the banks do not talk out of turn in this regard. This is the first and foremost necessity. Norms for separating weak from strong banks for merger or acquisition should be clearly laid down so as to avoid confusion in the minds of the banks themselves and the customers. Secondly, it is of utmost importance to examine whether the acquiring bank has a good work culture and efficient style of functioning that needs to be spread to the target ban k. Third, the role of strategic intent in mergers is extremely important. Complementarity of assets, operations and synergistic considerations should be made the most important criteria for authorizing bank mergers. Finally, the most attractive targets could well be those where the merged entity (bank) has a wider and highly diversified business portfolio and a product mix. For example, two banks one of which is strong in corporate and mid-corporate finance and the other with strengths in retail lending would logically be made for each other. Similar is the case for banks operating on technology platforms which are compatible. Once such norms are put in place, banks mergers become more acceptable without facing much reluctance, resistance or opposition from various quarters. To conclude, for a bank merger to succeed the role of Human Resources Management (HRM) and effective due diligence followed by integration planning and implementation are crucial. Proper leveraging of target banks employees talents and skills (HDFC Bank has successfully done this in its merger with the Centurion Bank of Punjab) besides dealing with problems of cultural conflict effectively during the merger plan implementation will go a long way in improving the chances of merger success of the banks concerned. The latest bank merger that has recently been approved in-principle by the boards concerned is that of Bank of Rajasthan (BOR) with the ICICI Bank. The dynamics of the said merger are furnished in the table below: Table 5.3 Merger Dynamics https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/05/19/images/2010051953240101.jpg Source: Business Line Banks like HDFC Bank and Axis Bank are also reported to be on the lookout for acquiring smaller banks. The merger of ICICCI with ICICI Bank and even the reverse merger of IDBI and IDBI Bank served multiple objectives. First the institutions were strengthened financially. Second, they helped in avoiding the complex restructuring process the weaker bank would have had to undergo to foster financial stability. Finally, they have opened the doors for actively promoting universal banking (A.Vasudevan, 2004). The underlying logic of the thinking of managements of these banks is that the larger the bank, the higher is its competitiveness and better its prospects of survival and growth. The implication of this argument is that Indian banks are not able to compete internationally in various areas like funds mobilization, credit disbursal, investments and rendering of financial services-es sentially because of their small size, and the only Indian bank that would be able to do so is the banking behemoth, SBI, that too, probably after its merger with its associates. To end this dissertation, we go back to the opening sentences of the book Successful Mergers- Getting the people issues right by Marion Devine(2002) COMPANIES COME AND GO, chief executives rise and fall, industry sectors wax and wane, but an outstanding feature of the past decade has been the rise of mergers and acquisitions(MAs). Can we hope that the future decade will take MAs to still greater heights both in value terms and numbers? Time only will tell. Limitations of the study: Non-availability of data for certain parameters for the period under study. Efficiency calculations cannot be performed in case of inputs or outputs with negative values. Scope for further study: The future banking MA will be cross-border with substantial potential synergies but can create large systemic risk and hence future research should explore these perspectives more fully before we can draw summary conclusions as to the effectiveness of bank mergers and acquisitions. Future research may also look at the cross-industry MAs within the financial services sector in India and abroad as this is an area which has not been investigated much. In future, research should lay more emphasis on dynamic analysis methods rather than static ones, which do not use data on MAs but instead relate the potential consequences of consolidation, like the market power, service availability etc. DEA analysis may be attempted using slacks based models. Market efficiency measures may also be employed to evaluate the efficiency effects of mergers. If the sample size is large, parametric techniques like the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) can be employed in evaluating bank merger s. Chapterization: The study will be organized into five chapters which are detailed below: Chapter 1: Chapter 1 deals with the introduction and the need for the study. It sets up the objectives and the relevant hypotheses. It also describes the limitations of the study and the scope for further research. Chapter 2: Chapter 2 furnishes a detailed review of literature to identify the research gaps which help in developing the objectives and hypotheses for the research. Chapter 3: Chapter 3 gives a vivid account of the research methodology adopted for the study and the sampling design. This chapter describes in detail the ratio analysis, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), DEA-Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI), Tobit regression, Factor analysis and the other major statistical tools employed in the research study. Chapter 4: Chapter 4 deals with the data analysis, a very important aspect of the research project, employing the aforesaid analytical/statistical techniques. Chapter 5: Chapter 5 presents a detailed account of the findings, conclusions and recommendations from a policy perspective besides a critical evaluation of the managerial implications of the research study. Bibliography: The books, journals, articles and websites reviewed/ referred to are listed in this section alphabetically. Annexures: The details of the calculations/computations are furnished in the annexures A, B and C. ******************